Mass transit is a Milgram Experiment problem with real people and real deaths. Milgram conducted experiements to discover why people in Germany tolerated the Nazi death camps. He discovered that 65% of people working in bureacracies will follow orders to the point of electrocuting someone.
Mass transit is a mass killer. Here is the data and following are the studies:
Extensive Mass Transit
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Covid-19 Deaths
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Little Mass Transit
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Covid-19 Deaths
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New York
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23,195
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Texas
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1,480
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New Jersey
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10,985
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Florida
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2,190
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Illinois
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4,715
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Texas
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2,207
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Massachusetts
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6,228
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Georgia
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1,783
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Two paper Mass Transit spread of contagion:
Dr Goscé explained:
"Higher rates [of influenza-like cases] can be observed in boroughs served by a small number of underground lines: passengers starting their journey in these boroughs usually have to change lines once or more in crowded junctions such as King's Cross in order to reach their final destination.”
"On the other hand, lower influenza-like rates are found in boroughs where either the population do not use public transport as the main form of transport to commute to work; or boroughs served by more underground lines, which guarantee faster trips with less stops and contacts with fewer people."
Impact on riders:
The first is that the rate of disease transmission is related to the number of trips and average number of stations per trip along the entire subway line, and not just to the number of entries at any one subway station. Second, passengers entering the subway line even at a remote, less populous station are slowing down the system, thus increasing the transit time that the S’s stay in contact with the I’s. Third, those uninfected S- passengers who cram shoulder-to-shoulder into a particular subway are increasing train-car density and thus raising the average number of other S-passengers infected by an I-passenger who happens to be standing in the middle of the train. Fourth, local trains – like the Flushing local – are more likely to seed epidemic infections than express lines. Finally, an entire subway line, rather than the individual stations or subway cars, is the appropriate unit of analysis.
Impact on subway workers:
By April 16, the MTA had reported 68 deaths among more than 2,400 subway and bus employees who had tested positive. “Another 4,400 are on home quarantine and thousands more are calling out sick.”
"Data from TWU Local 100 (subway workers) indicate... more than three times the rate... the most affected hotspot."
It is hard to imagine any plausible explanation for these workers’ losses except that their place of work was the principal source of their coronavirus infections. How ironic it is that unfathomable tragedy of these frontline workers turns out to be the clincher that transports us from correlation to causation.
Link to an excellent model of contagion spread
NYC Subway Conductor: "We Are Not Essential. We Are Sacrificial"
De Blasio: MTA isn't telling the 'whole truth' on subway overcrowding
Chicago transit worker's view of the risks.
Download JPods Paper pdf
3D video of a cough and its duration in a grocery store.
Key points:
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The more queues, the more virus transmission.
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The more transfers, the more virus transmission.
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The more direct the travel, the less virus transmission.
This paper is on how JPods networks apply the principles of Just-in-Time (Six Sigma and Lean Thinking) and the Prime Law of Networks to personalizing travel, eliminate queuing, transfers, and crowding on Mass Transportation.
JPods are networks of grade-separated, self-driving cars with the carrying capacity of the family car (1-6 people). People travel only with those in their party; no riding with strangers.
Prime Law of Networks applied to the lessons of the London Tube:
Prime Law of Networks: Network value and capacity increase exponentially based on the number of interconnected nodes, divided by packet size. www.PrimeLawOfNetworks.com
Packet Size and Social Distancing:
Death rates in 1918 from the Spanish Flu Epidemic. Philadelphia held a parade and St Louis canceled their parade.
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JPods networks drive the packet size to one - a trip tailored to the needs of that specific traveler/family. JPods have the same Social Distancing as Mass Transit within a traveling party (1-6 people). JPods provide excellent Social Distancing between parties.
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Because JPods vehicles are inexpensive and personal in nature, there can be enough pods so they can be cleaned between uses in high risk situations. Vehicles can be specifically designed to be self-cleaning via ultra-violent lighting and anti-viral surfaces.
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Because you control the vehicle with your phone, you do not need to touch common surfaces such as elevator buttons.
By making the trip personal with JPods:
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There are no queues: A person/family gets into a JPods vehicle and immediately leaves to go directly, non-stop from origin to destination. It is this non-stop travel that cuts the energy to power the trip by 10X.
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Trips are direct, non-stop: The personal size of the JPods vehicles, 1-6 people, reduces station costs by 10X, allowing 10X more stations. Again, the multiplicity of stations makes trips direct without transfers. The vehicles switch guideways instead of the people switching trains/buses.
Just-in-Time (Six Sigma and Lean Thinking)
The gist of Just-in-Time is in its name. Strive for continuous improvement by removing the sources of variation, driving batch sizes towards one so resources are delivered to need just as they are required; not early, not late, just-in-time to fill the need.
Quotes from those who led the shift from Mass Production to Just-in-Time:
Tiny red cells as the packets, and the circulatory system in our bodies are an example of a Just-in-Time delivery system. The small packet size and the flow of many packets allows resources to shift to fill needs as we run, think, and digest food.
The packet-switched nature of the Internet is another example of Just-in-Time. Packet flow on-demand to meet the vastly different needs of each of us as we access information.
Just-in-Time, Six Sigma, Kaizen, Lean Thinking, Toyota Way are various names for the general concept of continuous improvement. Just-in-Time manufacturing is associated with Toyota and other Japanese auto manufacturers adopting the concepts of continuous improvement led by Drs Deming and Juran after World War II. Japanese carmakers entered the US market and immediately won huge market shares with radically better quality in the 1970s.
To compete with Japanese manufacturers and comply with The Clean Air and Water Acts, American manufacturers significantly replaced Mass Production with Just-in-Time during the 1980-1990s.
Just-in-Time dominates transportation:
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The personal automobile is a Just-in-Time mode of transportation with a cost per passenger-mile (CO2) of $.38 (.6). Because of its better service at lower costs it dominates commutes to work.
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Mass Transit is a batch process similar to Mass Production. Mass Transit in America carries fewer than 3% of workers to and from work at the extraordinary per passenger-mile cost (pounds of CO2) of $1.45 for buses (.7), $.76 for trains (.5). Aside from the high costs, the quality is terrible as reported:
Mass Transit is a batch process with high costs, high pollution, and low quality. Mass Transit’s spread of contagion is a consequence of batch processing.
The JPods team has been applying Just-in-Time to manufacturing processes, software processes, selling, and logistical processes for decades. Two examples:
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Bill James, was part of Honeywell's adoption of Just-in-Time in the 1980's. He founded Applied Statistics, Inc in 1986 which became part of Allen Bradley and is now Datamyte. He founded WebClerk in 1989 to apply Just-in-Time to the selling process in small businesses. This software was awarded "Best High Tech Product of the Year" by Twin City Business monthly and was invited on two national tours by Apple.
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Charlie Fletcher applied Just-in-Time principles as the Commanding General for Corps Logistics during the invasion of Iraq and the subsequent rebuilding of Iraq. When constrained by resources and uncertainties, getting the right things to the right places at the right time has huge consequences.
JPods networks apply Just-in-Time to the mobility process to provide on-demand access, direct non-stop routing, and drive queuing to zero. This personalized serivce drives down the cost per passenger-mile (CO2) to $.04, solar-collectors over the guideways power the network with zero CO2. The Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) network in Morgantown, WV is similar to JPods networks. Congressional Office of Technology Assessment study PB-244854 identified these Just-in-Time networks of self-driving personal cars on grade-separated guideways as the solution to urban traffic congestion and foreign oil addiction.
Combining the Prime Law of Networks and Just-in-Time to limit contagion:
The larger the batch size the more difficult it is to assure quality.
On the cost side of reacting to contagion, the small vehicle size, ability to automate routing, automate cleaning, and the relative ease of cleaning, means those infected or suspected of being infected do not have to be accumulated together awaiting transportation. The ability to personalize support for each person can be improved and resources consumed to handle each person at risk can be reduced.
Conclusion:
“Measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually to improvement. If you can’t measure something, you can’t understand it. If you can’t understand it, you can’t control it. If you can’t control it, you can’t improve it.” H. James Harrington
Good metrics are essential to understanding and improving urban mobility and constraining contagions:
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Energy consumed/CO2 produced per passenger-mile.
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Trip Quickness, combined travel, queuing, and transfers.
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Injuries per million people.
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Equity in access regardless of age, ability, or wealth.
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Ease of exercising disinfectant protocols relative to risk per vehicle.
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Low cost vehicles so specialized vehicles can be used for specialized needs.
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Ease of routing resources to needs.
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Separate stops at medical facilities for staff, sick people, and visitors.
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Routing support into and controlling outflow from pockets of contagion.
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Efficacy of controlling access based on risk.
JPods networks Just-in-Time nature, automation, and grade-separation provide radical improvement over Mass Transit and private automobiles on road networks in all these metrics.
Additional modeling
Link to an excellent model of contagion spread:
Key parameters (1:11):
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Identify and isolate (conclusions: 9:00, the ability of JPods to support transporting individuals )
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Social Distancing (10:27)
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Travel Restrictions (12:58)
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R, rate of spread (14:34)
Central hubs
COVID-19 2021 Relief has $45 billion for transportation
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Motorcoach companies, will receive $17 billion of those funds
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Transit accounts for $14 billion
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$678.65 million for rural area formula funds.
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More spending